List of Portuguese monarchs

"Queen of Portugal" redirects here. For Queen consort of Portugal, see List of Portuguese royal consorts.

King of Portugal and the Algarves (1139–1910)
Royal Coat of Arms of Portugal
Manuel II, last King of Portugal
Duke of Bragança, pretender to the dormant throne
Details
Style	His Most Faithful Majesty
First monarch	Afonso I
Last monarch	Manuel II
Formation	25 July 1139
Abolition	5 October 1910
Residence	Royal residences in Portugal
Pretender(s)	Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution.

Through the nearly 800 years in which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, claimed the crown of Castile and waged wars in order to enforce their respective claims. Ferdinand I managed to be recognized as King of Galiza in 1369, although his dominance of the region was short-lived. When the House of Habsburg came into power, the kings of Spain, Naples, and Sicily also became kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown some honorary, such as the attribution of the title of Rex Fidelissimus (His Most Faithful Majesty), and royal titles, such as King of Brazil and then de jure Emperor of Brazil.

After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portuguese monarchists launched a counter-revolution known as the Monarchy of the North, though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death, the Miguelist branch of the house of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. They have all been acclaimed king of Portugal by their monarchist groups.

The monarchs of Portugal all came from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, but direct lines have sometimes ended. This has led to a variety of royal houses coming to rule Portugal, though all having Portuguese royal lineage. These houses are:

• House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
• House of Aviz (1385–1580)
• House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
• House of Braganza (1640–1910)

House of Burgundy (1139–1383)

The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Afonso Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. During the Reconquista, the Afonsine Dynasty expanded the country southwards until the definitive conquest of Algarve with Sancho II and the establishment of the Kingdom of Algarve, in 1249, under Afonso III. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred between 1383 and 1385. Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Image

House of Aviz (1385–1580)

The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his Grand-uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Image

House of Habsburg (1581–1640)

The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine dynasty, was the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Image

House of Braganza (1640–1910)

The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great-great-grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in 1640 during the Portuguese Restoration War. The Habsburgs continued to claim the throne of Portugal until the end of the war in the Treaty of Lisbon (1668).

The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Image

Length of Reign

Name	Reign	Duration
Afonso I	25 July 1139 – 6 December 1185	46 years 4 months 11 days
Sancho I	6 December 1185 – 26 March 1211	25 years 3 months 20 days
Afonso II	26 March 1211 – 25 March 1223	11 years 11 months 27 days
Sancho II	25 March 1223 – 4 December 1247	24 years 8 months 9 days
Afonso III	4 January 1248 – 16 February 1279	31 years 1 month 12 days
Denis I	6 February 1279 – 7 January 1325	45 years 11 months 1 day
Afonso IV	7 January 1325 – 28 May 1357	32 years 4 months 21 days
Peter I	28 May 1357 – 18 January 1367	9 years 7 months 21 days
Ferdinand I	18 January 1367 – 22 October 1383	16 years 9 months 4 days
John I	6 April 1385 – 14 August 1433	48 years 4 months 8 days
Edward	14 August 1433 – 9 September 1438	5 years 26 days
Afonso V	13 September 1438 – 11 November 1477, 15 November 1477 – 28 August 1481	1st: (39 years 1 month 29 days), 2nd: (3 years 9 months 13 days), full: 42 years 11 months 11 days
John II	11 November 1477 – 15 November 1477, 28 August 1481 – 25 October 1495	1°st: (4 days), 2°nd: (14 years 1 month 27 days), full: 14 years 2 months 1 day
Manuel I	25 October 1495 – 13 December 1521	26 years 1 month 18 days
John III	13 December 1521 – 11 June 1557	35 years 5 months 29 days
Sebastian I	11 June 1557 – 4 August 1578	21 years 1 month 24 days
Henry I	4 August 1578 – 31 January 1580	1 year 5 months 27 days
Philip I	12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598	18 years 1 day
Philip II	13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621	22 years 6 months 18 days
Philip III	31 March 1621 – 1 December 1640	19 years 8 months 1 day
John IV	1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656	15 years 11 months 5 days
Afonso VI	6 November 1656 – 12 September 1683	26 years 10 months 6 days
Peter II	12 September 1683 – 9 December 1706	23 years 2 months 27 days
John V	9 December 1706 – 31 July 1750	43 years 7 months 22 days
Joseph I	31 July 1750 – 24 February 1777	26 years 6 months 24 days
Maria I	24 February 1777 – 20 March 1816	39 years 25 days
Peter III	24 February 1777 – 25 May 1786	9 years 3 months 1 day
John VI	20 March 1816 – 10 March 1826	9 years 11 months 18 days
Peter IV	10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826	1 month 22 days
Maria II	2 May 1826 – 23 June 1828, 26 May 1834 – 15 November 1853	1st: (2 years 1 month 21 days), 2nd: (19 years 5 months 20 days), full: 21 years 7 months 10 days
Michael I	11 July 1828 – 26 May 1834	5 years 10 months 15 days
Ferdinand II	16 September 1837 – 15 November 1853	16 years 1 month 30 days
Peter V	15 November 1853 – 11 November 1861	7 years 11 months 27 days
Louis I	11 November 1861 – 19 October 1889	27 years 11 months 8 days
Carlos I	19 October 1889 – 1 February 1908	18 years 3 months 13 days
Manuel II	1 February 1908 – 5 October 1910	2 years 8 months 4 days

See also

• List of Portuguese royal consorts
• List of viceroys of Portugal
• List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
• Style of the Portuguese sovereign
• Families
  • Family tree of Portuguese monarchs
  • Descendants of John VI of Portugal
  • Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal
  • Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal

Bibliography

• Sousa, D. António Caetano de [in Portuguese] (1946) [1735–49]. História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Atlântida-Livraria Eds. OCLC 20210378.
• Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan (1981), "Portugal", in Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal families of Europe, London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228–237. ISBN 0-85613-672-7. (revised and updated edition by Prentice Hall College Div – November 1991. ISBN 0-02-897255-4.)
• Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos (2002), Costados do Duque de Bragança, Lisboa, Guarda-Mor Edições.
• Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete (dir.)(1989), Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil, vol. I, Lisboa, Editorial Enciclopédia.
• Imhof, Jacob Wilhelm (1708). Stemma Regum lusitanicum sive Historia genealogica Familiae Regiae Portugallicae. Amsterdam: orsinidemarzo.com. (reprint)

External links

• History of titles of the kings of Portugal with bibliography